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References

Every statistic on this site links here. Figures we chose not to use, such as the often-repeated claim that 70 percent of donated equipment never works, are excluded because they are anecdotal.

  1. Perry L, Malkin R. Effectiveness of medical equipment donations to improve health systems: how much medical equipment is broken in the developing world? Med Biol Eng Comput 2011.
  2. Malkin R, Keane A. Evidence-based approach to the maintenance of laboratory and medical equipment in resource-poor settings. Med Biol Eng Comput 2010.
  3. WHO. Human Resources for Medical Devices: the role of biomedical engineers, 2017 (summary in Ann Biomed Eng).
  4. Lancet Global Health Commission on Medical Oxygen Security, 2025.
  5. Oxygen availability in 39 countries, Lancet Global Health 2025.
  6. Oxygen concentrator functionality and failure modes in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review, BMC Health Services Research 2025.
  7. Sewagegn N et al. Assessment of the operational status of medical equipment in public hospitals in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. Discover Health Systems 2025.
  8. Bakare AA, Graham H et al. Providing oxygen to children and newborns: oxygen access and use in secondary-level hospitals in southwest Nigeria. International Health 2020.
  9. Thapa R et al. Effect of deploying biomedical equipment technicians on the functionality of medical equipment in rural Nepal. Human Resources for Health 2022.
  10. Duke T et al. Improved oxygen systems for childhood pneumonia: a multihospital effectiveness study in Papua New Guinea. Lancet 2008.
  11. Graham HR et al. The Lancet Global Health Commission on medical oxygen security (full text). Lancet Global Health 2025.
  12. Haynes AB et al. A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. NEJM 2009.
  13. European Industrial Gases Association. Fire hazards of oxygen and oxygen-enriched atmospheres, Doc 04/26.
  14. OpenO2 concentrator graveyard, Malawi.
  15. NEST360 hospital equipment maintenance survey, Journal of Global Health 2026.
  16. WHO. Technical specifications for oxygen concentrators, 2015.
  17. openFDA device/event and device/recall (CC0).
  18. INGENZI_DatasetV1 (CC BY-NC 4.0), benchmark A.
  19. Frank's Hospital Workshop: service manuals, education mirror.
  20. EWH BMET Library: Troubleshooting Flowchart Handbook.
  21. Prior art: INGENZI Tech, arXiv 2601.16967 (RAG over one ultrasound manual).
  22. Prior art: Jua, Devpost 2023.